Presented by Ven. Sayadej Vongsopha on behalf of the two Lao Saṅgha Colleges
Introduction
In the olden days, as in many other Buddhist countries, education in Laos was conducted in monasteries, where monks were trained and educated for years, and then gave advises to both Saṅgha Order themselves and laypeople.
Traditionally, any Lao man had to be ordained once in a lifetime to gain monastic education. Even after he disrobed and lived as a householder, he was considered a literate person, a wise man or a ripe person while untrained ones were illiterate, raw men (those who have never been a monk or novice). In the modern days, education has expanded beyond walls of monasteries. Still monastic education is necessary to carry on, to improve more and more to catch up with the worldly education in terms of quality and standardization. In this paper, I am going to discuss mainly about the Buddhist education in Laos based on the higher Buddhist educational institutions, the Saṅgha Colleges where Buddhist studies are particularly conducted.
Historical Background of the two Saṅgha Colleges
The two Saṅgha Colleges have been developed under different time dimensions and places. Their historical accounts, therefore, are separately written so as to make a clear overview on them as follows.
Saṅgha College in Vientiane
The Saṅgha College was initially established in 1929 (BE 2472) by Prince Phetsarath and Somdet Phra Loukeo Uthen Sakda, the Supreme Patriarch of Lao Saṅgha, who was also the governor of Vientiane. Initially it was known as the Pariyatti Dhamma School, and was located in the vicinity of the current Presidential Palace. The school taught Dhamma, Vinaya, Pāḷi, the life of the Buddha, Tham script - the script used to inscribe in palm leaf manuscripts (in the former time both Tham and Lao scripts were officially used in writing system), Lao and Khmer languages, and mathematics. At that time, there were 150 students and 4 teachers.
In the 1930s, Mr. Maha Sila Viravong was the director; during that time the Palm Leaf Manuscript Library was established within the school and a program for Buddhist Arts was set up also in Chanthabouri Vihara, where the college had been relocated and another branch was established in Luang Prabang, opened in 1932. In 1950 (BE 2493), the Pariyatti Dhamma School was moved to Wat Sithane Neua under the direction of the Most Venerable Phra Achan Bouakham Voraphet.
After the nation gained independence in 1953 (BE 2496), the school came under the Ministry of Cults; then was moved to Wat Ongtue Mahavihara, Chanthaboury District, Vientiane, renamed the Pāḷi Institute, which was open to all monks and novices who graduated from high schools. The Institute offered a four- year program including the preparatory class. This time there were additional subjects, for example, geography, history and French.
In 1967 (BE 2510), in terms of administration, the Pāḷi Institute was transferred to the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education; then was renamed the Buddhist Educational Institute where there were two Thai teachers, one French teacher, one English teacher and one Indian teacher, providing additional subjects of pedagogical studies, such as Western philosophy, Indian philosophy and religions.
From 1976 (BE 2519), as for the academic aspect, the Institute started to offer a six-year Higher Diploma Program equivalent to a Bachelor Degree. Students who completed the program could teach the Primary and Middle Teacher Training Schools. This time it fell under the responsibility of the Department of Vocational Teacher Training, the Ministry of Education.
In 1996 (BE 2539), the Institute was renamed the Saṅgha College and remains this name up to the present. It offers a four -year program, Higher Diploma Degree, which is equivalent to Bachelor Degree. It is divided into two faculties: Faculty of Education and Faculty of Arts, under the patronage of the Ministry of Education, the Lao Buddhist Fellowship Organization and in cooperation with the Lao Front for National Construction. So far, the Saṅgha College has produced 6 batches of 258 students who can teach at Buddhist high schools and work in Buddhist offices in different provinces throughout the country.
Champasak Saṅgha College
Long before the establishment of the Champasak Saṅgha College, Buddhist education has existed and evolved in monasteries from primary up to intermediate levels. With the emphasis on Pāḷi and Dhamma studies, this was more of the case in Champasak District, where there were one primary pariyatti school at Wat Nakhonevanaram and another school was at Wat Yuttidhammadhara (Wat Thong). Some secular subjects, in particular, mathematics, were introduced in monastic schools. In addition, in some monasteries, where there were not Pariyatti Schools, Pāḷiwas taught in form of oral memorization (Mukhapāda), for example, Mūlakaccāyana Pāḷi which the older generation of monks learned individually from their teachers.
However, some notable Buddhist educational development took place in the time of Most Venerable Somdet Phra Loukeo Khoun Manivong, the late president of Lao Buddhist Fellowship Organization (LBFO), when he was a provincial governor of Champasak. In 1940 (BE 2483), he established the Pariyatti Dhamma School in Wat Bodhirattanasasadaram (Wat Luang Pakse). And in 1942(2485), PāḷiSchool was set up in the same monastery. Buddhist education in Southern Laos was provided for students who came from the four southern provinces, Khamuane, Savannakhet, Saravan and Champasak. In order to improve ecclesiastical education, teacher monks were sent further for training abroad, such as Cambodia and Thailand. In 1944 (BE 2487), Institute Indigène D'études Bouddhiques (Institute of Buddhist Studies) was established in Wat Bodhirattanasasadaram under the direction of Somdet Phra Loukeo Khoun Manivong[1], who participated in one of the sessions of the Chaṭṭha Saṅghayanā, the Sixth Buddhist Council in the Union of Myanmar, 1954-56 (BE 2498-2500), edited the Aṭṭhakathā (commentary) and was conferred the Honorary Title Aggamahāpaṇḍita by the government of Myanmar.
We have now seen that monastic education in the Champasak Province, especially, at Wat Bodhirattanasasadaram flourished even before the nation gained independence in 1975. After the independence, the Pāḷi Schools and the Institute of Buddhist Studies were renamed Buddhist High School whose curriculum were adapted (the form of Buddhist Education had been changed due to many reasons, such as lack of teachers, etc). Both ecclesiastical and secular subjects were introduced into the courses. From 1976 to 1998, the Buddhist education was under the direction of Phraku Bhavanābhilom (Somsi Keokhiew), the late Saṅgha governor of Champasak Province. In 2004, the old Buddhist High School Building was demolished and a new one constructed at Wat Dhammarangsi (Wat Thahin), Pakse District under the leadership of Phra Achan Maha Suvan Chantharath, the present governor of Champasak Province, who fulfilled the will of the late Acarya Phraku Somsi Keokhiew.
In 2005, Phra Achan Maha Suvan Chantharath established the Saṅgha College by using the old building of Pariyatti School and Institute of Buddhist Studies. At the same time, the new building of the Saṅgha College is still under construction, next to the Wat Bodhirattanasasadaram, in place of the Tennis yard granted by the government. The Champasak Saṅgha College began its first academic year in 2006.
How Pāḷi, Abhidhamma and Vipassanā are Taught
As the Pāḷi canonical texts are the authoritative sources of the Buddha's teachings, it is necessary to study Pāḷi in order to get the real meaning of the Buddha's words from the Pāḷi texts. Furthermore, Lao language is influenced by Pāḷi.[2] For example, vidyālay (Lao), from Pāḷi Vidyālaya means a college; āhān (food) derived from Pāḷi word "āhāra", and even the slogan of nation written as sāthālanalat pajāthipatai pajājonlao (Lao) meaning that Lao People's Democratic Republic, here the whole slogan consists of derived words from Pāḷi, but the consonants "r" and "ṇ" from Pāḷi have no longer been used in Lao, even recently "r" has been reintroduced into Lao consonants, but not often be used.
Pāḷi Studies
The Saṅgha Colleges are the centers of Buddhist studies, in which certainly Pāḷi courses have been conducted since its establishment up to now. Over times, Pāḷi courses have been modified. Nowadays, Pāḷi grammar, Pāḷi composition and translation as well as Pāḷi literature are taught. But the courses are conducted only from the primary to the intermediate levels, not the advanced one as it used to be in the Pāḷi Institute. There used to be even the Ninth Ecclesiastical Pāḷi Grade (IX) offered, which is equivalent to the present Thai Pāḷi Studies System.
The Saṅgha College (Vientiane) offers a four-year program including a pre-college, basic course of Pāḷi depending on the Pāḷi background of students, who graduated from high schools. The Tham script (alphabets, ancient scripts in rounded shape likening Burmese and Shan alphabets) is used in writing Pāḷi, aiming to enable monks and novices to read the palm leaf manuscripts.
Some texts that are used in Pāḷi teachings are in Thai-Pāḷi manuals, for example, the Pāḷi textbooks that were composed by Somdet Phra Mahāsamaṇachao (Thai version) and some Lao - Pāḷi textbooks compiled by the Committee of Buddhist Scholars of Lao Buddhist Fellowship Organization (LBFO), Lao-Pāḷi Dictionary (2005) written by Dr. Sisaveuay Souvanny, Lao Dictionary (most Lao words derived from Pāḷi) written by Dr. Thongkham Onmanisone, and some Pāḷi-English Textbooks are also used as reference.
In addition, the National University of Laos has also introduced Pāḷi into the linguistic and literature studies. Moreover, Pāḷi terminologies, which are related to legal terms, are also taught in the Faculty of Law.
Abhidhamma Studies
Historically, the outstanding Abhidhamma studies ever existed and flourished during 1960s, when Phra Achan Mahā Pāla Anando (Vipassanā meditation Master at Wat Sokpaluang, Vientiane) set up five Abhidhamma Schools, two schools in Luang Prabang, one in Vientiane, one in Savannakhet and one in Champasak. Since then, the traditional study of Abhidhamma has been handed down to some Vipassanā Meditation Centers and the Saṅgha Colleges.
In the two Saṅgha Colleges, however, the Abhidhamma courses are not fully taught as ever. Only a basic Abhidhamma course is provided depending on students' background. Selected teaching materials are the first Book of Abhidhamma Piṭaka and some Abhidhamma textbooks which were written by the Most Venerable Sali Kantasilo[3]. Besides these, the Abhidhamma course is conducted alongside vipassanā meditation, particularly, at the forest monastery, Wat Nakhounnoi under the direction of Phra Achan Mahā Sali Kantasilo. There, the Abhidhamma course is more effectively highly applied than in the Saṅgha Colleges.
Vipassanā Meditation
In reality, Vipassanā Meditation Courses are differently applied in the two colleges. Vientiane Saṅgha College does not teach the Vipassanā course while Champasak College does (theoretically). However, in Vientiane, the course is compulsory. After the four- year course is done; students are sent for the practice in some Vipassanā meditation centers, particularly, at Wat Nakhounnoi under the guidance of the Most Venerable Sali Kantasilo, and at Wat Sampak-hat under Phra Achan Phoum Detsavongs and some other vipassanā centers. On the contrary, Champasak Saṅgha College has Vipassanā courses in the schedule and conducts a 9 to15-day retreats after the completion of each semester. The Vipassanā Meditation retreat is mainly organized in Wat Phoukatair (Squirrel Mount Vihara, the Forest Monastery, Sanasomboun District) and, some other monasteries.
Besides, the vipassanā meditation course is offered in the Champasak Saṅgha College, high School Buddhist students are also mandatory to join the Vipassanā retreats after the final semester according to Hid Sipsong, the twelve traditional ritual practices, which fall in each month of the year. Vipassanā retreat is one of them, which falls in May so that it is organized yearly throughout the country.
Some Comments on the Syllabuses of the two Saṅgha Colleges
In this part, some syllabuses and curriculum and some statistics of the two Saṅgha Colleges are given.
Vientiane Saṅgha College:
Vientiane Saṅgha College began its first academic year in 1996. So far, it has produced 6 batches of graduates, 258 in all; the course has been empirically implemented.
Number of students, Academic Year 2006-2007/2549-2550
The Saṅgha College is open for students from different provinces around the country.
Classes Faculty of Education Faculty of Arts Pre-College 125 First year 77 40 Second year 29 24 Third year 23 23
In the academic year 2006-2007, there are 341 students in total.
Administrative Structure
|
||||
 |
||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
- Phra Achan Mahavet Masenai, the Director
- Phra Achan Vongmani Homsombath, the Deputy Director
- Mr. Bounthan Vongounchan, the Academic Deputy Director
- Mr. Bounterm Sibounheung, The Administrative Deputy Director
In 2006, there are 32 teachers - 18 monk teachers and 14 lay teachers. The administration is subdivided into three offices, namely:
- Academic Affairs Office: 9 staffs: 4 monks and 5 lay persons.
- Administrative Office: 8 staffs: one monk and 7 lay persons.
- Student's Activities Office: 9 staffs: 7 monks, 2 lay persons.
;
Champasak Saṅgha College:
The Champasak Saṅgha College runs a three-year program. The duration is shorter, because it does not require students to follow the Saṅgha College in Vientiane. There are two faculties, Faculty of Education (pedagogical) and Faculty of Arts.
Curriculum
1. General Subjects 32 credits 2. General Technical Subjects 25 credits 3. Major Subjects 30 credits 4. Selective subjects 03 credits 5. Buddhist subjects 30 credits Total: 120 credits
Administrative Structure
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||
 |
|||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||
1. Phra Achan Mahā Suvan Chantharath, the Director
2. Phra Achan Bounchan Horchinyavong, the Deputy Director
3. Phra Maha Sipraseuth Sayapanya (Academic Affairs Office)
4. Mr. Phoxay Nuanvilay, Evaluation and Assessment Office
There are 17 teachers in the Champasak Saṅgha College: 11 monk teachers and 6 lay teachers. There are 3 teachers who obtained MA degrees: one from Vietnam, one from Thailand and one from Russia; one Bachelor Degree from National University of Laos, one from Saṅgha College in Vientiane, and the rest are Bachelor graduates from Thailand. As the Champasak Saṅgha College is newly established, now there are 58 students studying in the academic year 2006-2007 and there are two classes in operation. Its future plan is to develop to a university level side by side with the Saṅgha College in Vientiane and equivalent to public universities.
Conclusion
As mentioned above, the two Saṅgha Colleges are the main Buddhist Educational centers in Laos, providing monastic education, preserving the Lao tradition and culture, playing crucial role in moral and spiritual development. They are not only producing young Buddhist scholars but also contributing to the human resources for the nation. However, the two Saṅgha colleges have various areas that need to be improved and standardized into international level. To reach such level; therefore, the two Saṅgha Colleges need to learn from others in order to improve and develop their educational systems as well as the managerial factors from the college to the university level in the future.
References
1. Bounthan Vongounchan, Mr. A brief report of Saṅgha College in Vientiane, 2007.
2. Bounthin Chandramontry, Mr. Selected Life and Works of Most Ven. Phramahā Pāla Anando, (Thai Version) Vipassanā Meditation Center, Wat Sokpaluang, Vientiane, Srisaket Printing, Ubonrajathani: 2534(1991)
3. Grégory KOURYSKY, Vincent BERMENT, Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham Writing System, paper presented at the First International Conference of Lao Study, Dekalb, 20-22 May, 2005.
4. Ngeuy Abhaya, Thao. Buddhism in Laos printed by Ministry of Education, Literary Committee, Vientiane: 1958.
5. Saṅgha College, Curriculum of Champasak Saṅgha College, 2006
6. Selected biography of the Late Saṅghanāyaka of Lao Saṅgha (Somdet Phra Loukeo Khoun Manivong) printed by Wat Luang Pakse: 1969.
7. Website:http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/laos/Units/765.html, Cultural profiles, Saṅgha College, Wat Ongtue Mahāvihara, Retrieved date: 22/02/07.
Here ends the paper
Ciraṃ tiṭṭhatu buddhasāsanaṃ!
[1] Selected biography of the Late Sanghanāyaka, Somdet Phra Loukeo Khoun Manivong (Lao Version), printed by Wat Bodhirattanasasadaram (Wat Luang), Pakse: 1969.
[2] Thepkhamvong Chanhom, Mr. (MA of Sanskrit from India), the Correct Usage of Lao Language,
(Lao Version), Paper presented at the Seminar on the Correct Usage of Lao Language, 2000.
[3] The Most Venerable Sali Kantasilo, PhD, (Abhidhamma, Buddhist Metaphysics from Thailand), Aggamahāpanḍitta by the Government of Myanmar, Vice-President of LBFO,